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For example, integrin v 3 is highly expressed in the BBB, but its typical ligand, the RGD peptide, cannot effectively mediate BBB penetration for brain-targeted delivery

FIGURE 1 PPI-induced digestive system complications FD FD is a digestive disease with numerous complex symptoms that lack obvious pathophysiological features

While Nrf2 and JAK2/STAT3 have protective roles, severe oxidative stress can also lead to their dysregulation or interaction with other pathways in ways that contribute to later-stage remodeling or inflammation (Mahdiani et al., 2022

Recent advanced methodologies have identified specific oxidized phospholipid species (PC 40:5;O and PC 36:5;O), providing direct evidence of membrane oxidative modification (Zardini Buzatto et al., 2021)

[17] Note: phosphorylation is a fundamental biochemical reaction catalyzed by kinases , a subclass of transferases

It is well documented that under physiological conditions, homeostatic ROS, namely, eustress, plays a vital role as signal transduction molecules in PVAT, maintaining vascular health (Gao et al., 2006)