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10.1007/s42106-020-00100-w 97

A synergistic, multitargeted approach may eventually transform this devastating disease into a controllable chronic one

This differential methylation, characterized by hypermethylation and reduced expression of Ambra1, suggests that Ambra1 plays a pivotal role in PD pathogenesis through its regulation of the mitophagy pathway, a process influenced by DNA methylation (49)

Targeted delivery of GPX1 or its mimetics to beta cells at the early stages of T1D or pharmacological attempts to boost GPX-1 via the transcription factor, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and other beta cell protective candidates may mitigate further destruction of beta cells (Forman and Zhang 2021)

While betaine can be obtained externally through nutrition (163), it is also endogenously generated through the metabolism of choline (164)

This is a critically important distinction that cannot be overlooked