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The content of GSH and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) directly affects the GPX4 activity [22]

The rich content of pyroglutamic acid in S

[19] Badaro R, Barbosa JD, de Araujo Neto CA, Machado BA, Soares MB, de Senna V, et al

During inflammatory processes, triglycerides undergo hydrolysis, forming free fatty acids (FFA) (Zhu et al., 2022), which are toxic to hepatocytes and induce apoptosis through both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways ( (2) Toxic Lipid Metabolites: The metabolism of lipids produces toxic metabolites such as malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), and malondialdehyde-acetaldehyde adducts (MAA), which further damage mitochondria and promote free radical production (Schaffert, 2009)

Any references to glutathione, antioxidant pathways, redox signaling, or oxidative stress are provided only for scientific and laboratory research context

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