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Overall, the above results show that senescent cells display high levels of ROS, increased Fe 2+ and alterations in lipid metabolism that prime them for ferroptosis, a fate prevented by GPX4 upregulation

NLRP3, Oxidative Stress, and Inflammation Healthy cells balance reactive oxygen species (ROS) production with the synthesis and regeneration of small molecule antioxidants, as well as with enzymes that perform antioxidant, detoxification, and repair functions

Given that lipophagy supplies FAs to boost FAO and TCA in mitochondria, we then reasoned that loss of LEC-autophagy could result in a concomitant downregulation of CPT1A levels, further impairing the overall capacity of the LEC to utilize FAs as energy source

Retrograde tracing of RGCs Three days before sacrifice, mice were anesthetized and fixed in a stereotaxic instrument (RWD Life Science, Shenzhen, China) using blunt ear bars

Michael acceptors Electrophiles that can react with a nucleophile through Michael addition, often containing an , -unsaturated carbonyl and an electron-withdrawing group

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