GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide studied primarily for collagen synthesis, skin biology, wound healing, and broad gene expression regulation with a particular strength in dermatological and extracellular matrix research
J Am Oil Chem Soc 57:252255 Cipolletti M, Fernandez VS, Montalesi E, Marino M, Fiocchetti M (2018) Beyond the antioxidant activity of dietary polyphenols in cancer: the modulation of estrogen receptors (ERs) signaling
& Marheineke, K
Abbreviations EVs: Extracellular vesicles ROS: Reactive oxygen species MVs: Microvesicle ILVs: Intraluminal vesicles MVBs: Multivesicular bodies ESCRT: Endosomal sorting complex required for transport CDCP1: CUB-domain containing protein 1 NO: Nitric oxide OXPHOS: Oxidative phosphorylation DCD: Donation after circulating death BMDM: Bone marrow-derived macrophages hESC: Human embryonic stem cell BMSCs: Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells TCA: Tricarboxylic acid GLUT: Glucose transporter CAFs: Cancer-associated fibroblasts LDHA: Lactate dehydrogenase A HK1: Hexokinase 1 HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma CCR2: CC chemokine receptor 2 PKM: Pyruvate kinase M SHED: Stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth PD1: Programmed cell death-1 EC: Endothelial cell IDH2: Isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 alpha-KG: -ketoglutarate TFAM: Mitochondrial transcription factor A TNF: Tumor necrosis factor LDL: Low-density lipoproteins HMG-CoA: 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A CMA: Cows milk allergy AATs: Amino acid transporters GLUD: Glutamate dehydrogenase GSH: Glutathione GABA: Gamma-aminobutyric acid ASS1: Argininosuccinate synthase 1 ASL: Argininosuccinate lyase CAT1: Cationic amino acid transporter 1 CMECs: Cardiac microvascular endothelial cells CoQ: Coenzyme Q DKD: Diabetic kidney disease AAA: Abdominal aortic aneurysms NAMPT: NAM phosphoribosyltransferase NCOA4: Nuclear receptor coactivator 4 CP: Ceruloplasmin TRPML1: Lysosome-associated transient receptor potential mucolipin 1 HEXB: -hexosaminidase B TFEB: Transcription factor EB SASP: Senescence-associated secretory phenotype IDO1: Indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase-1 NAFL: Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease IDD: Intervertebral disc degeneration HSPB1: Heat Shock Protein Family B (small) Member 1 AEC2: Alveolar epithelial type 2 cells References Rui L
382,383 Small-molecule Hedgehog inhibitors, such as vismodegib and sonidegib, which target the SMO receptor, have shown promising efficacy in preclinical models
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