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As previously stated, it is possible that L-Carnitine, creatine, and L-leucine enhanced muscle mass by synergistically increasing muscle protein synthesis

Expression of nigrostriatal alpha 6-containing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors is selectively reduced, but not eliminated, by beta 3 subunit gene deletion

Skin & Systemic Effects Improved metabolic efficiency and reduced oxidative stress may contribute to better skin tone, clarity, and overall tissue quality, reflecting enhanced cellular function rather than direct cosmetic action

These compounds influence critical inflammatory pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinases and NF-B signaling pathways, and promote the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ra (You et al., 2020)