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Chemical structures of lipoic acid and lipoyllysine residue The figure illustrates the chemical structures of lipoic acid in its oxidized and reduced forms, its two enantiomers ( R - and S -lipoic acid), and its covalent attachment to a lysine residue of the E2 component of the -ketoacid dehydrogenase complex (and the H protein of the glycine cleavage system), forming a lipoyllysine moiety

Next, the absorbance of each sample was recorded using a UV-VIS (SpectroNano plate reader, Germany)

[DOI] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 74.Anuchapreeda S., Leechanachai P., Smith M.M., Ambudkar S.V., Limtrakul P.-n

Bao L, Luo Q, Zhang J, Lao Z (2018) GRP78 overexpression as an unfavorable outcome in glioma patients

Girona J, Rodriguez-Borjabad C, Ibarretxe D, Vallve JC, Ferre R, Heras M et al (2019) The circulating GRP78/BiP is a marker of metabolic diseases and atherosclerosis: bringing endoplasmic reticulum stress into the clinical scenario

The clamp should be wide open so that the fluids are running quickly